Vietnam: Is corruption crackdown rattling Communist Party?

In April, Vuong Dinh Hue, a high-ranking member of Vietnam's Communist Party, stepped down from his role as National Assembly chairman over unspecified "violations" of party regulations.

Without including specifics, the party's Central Committee cited "shortcomings" in announcing that Hue had resigned from Vietnam's fourth-highest political office. 

According to reports in the state media outlet VN Express, the party's Central Inspection Committee said the "violations ... affected the reputation" of the party.

Hue, a 67-year-old lawmaker and a veteran of Vietnamese politics, had served as assembly chairman since 2021. He also served as Vietnam's deputy prime minister from 2016 to 2020. 

His resignation followed the stepping down of other top-level Communist Party officials.

In March, President Vo Van Thuong resigned from his position after just over a year in the role, also over unspecified "violations" of party policy.

He was the second Vietnamese president to leave the post in two years, after Nguyen Xuan Phuc was forced to resign in January 2023 after being blamed for "wrongdoing" following reports of corruption during the pandemic.

Cracks in Vietnam's power pillars?

Although Vietnam has a fast-growing economy, and is seen as a blossoming production and trade partner for both the US and China, the country is ruled as an authoritarian one-party state, with the Communists  having complete control over the government, social organizations and the media.

Vietnam also has a poor reputation on corruption, political censorship, human rights and civil society. 

At the top of the country's leadership is Nguyen Phu Trong, general secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Since 2016, he has mounted a large-scale anti-corruption campaign that has seen thousands of government officials, and business leaders dismissed or imprisoned.

Vietnam's leadership consists of what are called the "four pillars": the general secretary of the Communist Party, the president of Vietnam, the prime minister of Vietnam and the chairperson of the National Assembly of Vietnam. 

For years, unexpected departures within Vietnam's communist political structure were rare. So the spate of high-level dismissals and resignations has raised eyebrows.

Nguyen Khac Giang, a visiting fellow at ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute, told DW that Vietnam is going through political "turbulence" not seen in decades. 

"Vuong Dinh Hue's resignation indicates that we're currently experiencing one of the most turbulent periods in postwar Vietnamese politics. Since 1956, none of the 'four pillars' have had to step down midtenure, yet three have fallen within the past two years," he said.

 Zachary Abuza, a political scientist focusing on southeast Asian politics at the National War College in Washington, said Trong started the "blazing furnace anti-corruption campaign" because he "believed that the party's legitimacy was at stake."

"In many ways the party has emerged weaker. The churn in leaders is destabilizing. The purge of senior officials has weakened the party organization. But it has also delegitimized the party in the eyes of the people. It's not just one or two bad apples, it's all of them," he added. 

A more hard-line Politburo?

Abuza said five members of Vietnam's 18-person Politburo had been forced to resign since December 2022.

The Politburo of the Central Standing Committee of the Communist Party is the highest decision-making body of the Communist Party.

The body has seen some changes, and includes several members from Vietnam's Public Security Ministry (MPS). 

"The thing that should be very concerning to Vietnamese right now is the domination of the security bloc on the Politburo," Abuza said.

"All had long careers in the MPS, which has shaped their worldview," he added. 

In leaked Politburo documents titled "Directive 24," dated from July 2023, plans were revealed to increase media censorship and surveillance, and squash civil society and limit foreign influence.

In its report on the Politburo documents, Project 88, a group advocating free speech in Vietnam, wrote that for years the US and the EU "have argued that deepening ties with Vietnam will help promote human rights in the country," but the national security policy revealed in the document "puts to rest this magical thinking."

Economic impacts of corruption crusade?

The shakeup in government positions, and the harder track on national security, come less than a year after the United States and Vietnam upgraded their ties to comprehensive strategic partners. The US is Vietnam's second-largest trade partner, only behind China. 

Analysts say Vietnam's high-level corruption allegations could worry foreign investors.

And the recent death sentence for businesswoman Truong My Lan, who was found guilty of embezzling about $12.5 billion (€11.6 billion), has also been opposed by Vietnam's Western partners. 

"The instability is troubling for a country that has seen remarkable elite political stability over the past four decades following its market reforms in 1986," Giang said.

"Restoring normalcy is crucial to reassure concerned investors, but this won't be easy, given the current dynamics of the anti-corruption campaign," he added.

Despite this and the recent political infighting, Vietnam's Communist regime isn't at risk of capitulating, Abuza said. 

"The party isn't going anytime soon. It still has a nationwide organization and legitimacy based on their leadership in gaining independence and reunification and the country's economic development since 1987," he said.

"But that doesn't mean they aren't confronted with a lot of challenges. Their political system creates a very small and shallow gene pool at the top. Politics has never been this personalized, nasty and zero-sum. The party infighting right now is doing lasting damage to the Communist Party," he added.

Edited by: Wesley Rahn