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北京推出環保應急方案

2013年10月25日

最近幾天,中國東北部地區又開始出現嚴重的霧霾天氣。為瞭解決空氣污染問題,中國政府推出一系列環保新措施。例如空氣污染嚴重時,北京地區實行機動車限行以及限制煤炭使用量。但是公眾對能否迅速改變現狀仍持懷疑態度。

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A guard stands in front of the Tiananmen during severe smog in Beijing, China, 12 January 2013. Beijing was hit by its worst smog in almost a year. Exacerbated by heavy fog, the dense, choking smog that had blanketed the capital for the better part of the past fortnight plunged to a new low yesterday morning. Although the capital is often hit by smog in winter, the past two weeks have seen one of the longest stretches of smoggy days in Beijing in years. Pollution readings, including those for the smog-inducing fine particles known as PM2.5, from the local environmental watchdog and the US embassy were well in severely polluted or hazardous levels for most of Thursday night and Friday morning.
圖片來源: picture-alliance/dpa

(德國之聲中文網)北京每天有500多輛汽車行駛在公路上,造成交通擁擠不堪。但是現在,汽車,這一中國人地位的象徵,成為政府限制的目標,原因是汽車尾氣造成的空氣污染佔全部污染源的四分之一。按照北京市的新規定,未來在霧霾天氣嚴重時,不僅幼兒園和學校暫時關閉,而且將有50%的汽車禁止上路。北京市環保局新聞發言人方力說,當嚴重空氣污染持續3天時,市政府就會啟動最高的紅色預警,採取機動車車牌單雙號限行、整體停駛全部公務車輛的30%等措施。

A heavy haze of smog hangs over China's capital as traffic runs along a major thoroughfare in Beijing, China, 25 July 2008. Air pollution in China's capital still remains a major concern for the upcoming Olympics despite the recent introduction of a series of measures to improve Beijing's air quality. The measures include traffic regulations aimed at reducing the number of vehicles on the roads by 60-70 per cent according to state media as well as closing several factories and adding new subway lines. EPA/DIEGO AZUBEL +++(c) dpa - Report+++
嚴重霧霾天氣時北京車輛將限行圖片來源: picture-alliance/ dpa

燃煤是空氣污染主要原因

紅色一級預警意味著空氣中的細微粉塵顆粒濃度超過每立方米300微克,也就是超過世界衞生組織規定的標準12倍。因此,許多北京市民支持限制車輛行駛的措施。一位年輕人說,人人都應為保障綠色生活而努力,盡量少開汽車,多乘地鐵和公車,共同來維護環境。但是新措施也招致一些人的批評。例如北京新京報就認為這些措施姍姍來遲,限制的範圍不夠廣泛。該報認為在出現紅色預警時,整個城市都應該停止廢棄排放。還有些人問道,為什麼其它人也製造了污染,而只讓駕車人受罰。環保組織也對這些措施的有效性持懷疑態度。綠色和平組織的黃薇(音)說,在出現霧霾天氣時才採取措施是不夠的。她說,北京周邊的一些地區,其中包括山東省和河北省,其燃煤量佔全國燃煤總量的半數上。這些地區的大量燃煤是導致該地區和周邊地區空氣嚴重污染的主要原因。

落實行動是關鍵

不過,一些省市也在採取相關措施。4個地區已經承諾,將在2017年之前,在目前的基礎上將燃煤量減少60%。北京則制定行動計劃,決心將微塵顆粒污染減少25%。 中央政府將投資約50億人民幣治理空氣污染。綠色和平組織的黃薇表示,所有這些措施鼓舞人心,但是仍有很多問題懸而未決。她說,中國歷來是下很大的決心,但最大的問題是很少落實。無論是50億的環保投資還是環保行動計劃,都必須接受公共審查,監督落實情況。非政府組織和非國營機構應該參與審查工作。

Visitors wearing masks are seen at the Tiananmen Square in heavy smog in Beijing, China, 28 February 2013. Beijing warned residents to stay indoors as air pollution exceeded hazardous levels five days before Chinas national legislature begins its annual meeting, with thousands of delegates expected in the capital. Concentrations of PM2.5, fine air particles that pose the greatest health risk, rose to 469 micrograms per cubic meter at 10 a.m., near Tiananmen Square compared to an average of 275 in the past 24 hours, the Beijing government reported. The World Health Organization recommends 24-hour exposure to PM2.5 of no higher than 25. The level dropped to 163 at 12 p.m. The country opens its annual National Peoples Congress on March 5 to set this years growth target and discuss policies.
北京空氣污染嚴重超標圖片來源: picture-alliance/dpa

而許多北京居民則提出一些實際問題,如一旦學校停課,孩子們誰來照看? 再有,北京的地鐵本來就已經擁擠不堪,今後又如何能夠容納那些因車輛限行而改乘公共運輸的開車族?

作者:ARD 編譯:李京慧

責編: 萬方