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拜登的任務

2013年12月2日

美國副總統拜登本周訪問日中韓三國。中國劃設「東海防空識別區」引發的新爭議成為他東亞之行中一個計劃外緊迫議題。

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U.S. Navy FA-18 Hornets park on the flight deck of the USS George Washington during the Annual Exercise 2013, at sea November 28, 2013. The USS George Washington took part in a joint military naval drill with Japan on Thursday in waters off southern Japan, just days after it participated in humanitarian relief operations in the Philippines. More than 20 ships and 7,000 U.S. personnel participated in this year's exercise which aims at strengthening ties between the U.S. Navy and the Japan Maritime Self Defence force. While the U.S. Navy would not confirm the exact coordinates, they were able to say the event took place, at one point at least, some 300 km (186 miles) south east of Japan's southern most the islands of Okinawa. This is in the general vicinity, though not within, the new airspace defense zone which China newly established last week. Mandatory credit REUTERS/Kyodo (JAPAN - Tags: MILITARY POLITICS TRANSPORT MARITIME) ATTENTION EDITORS - FOR EDITORIAL USE ONLY. NOT FOR SALE FOR MARKETING OR ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS. THIS IMAGE HAS BEEN SUPPLIED BY A THIRD PARTY. IT IS DISTRIBUTED, EXACTLY AS RECEIVED BY REUTERS, AS A SERVICE TO CLIENTS. MANDATORY CREDIT. JAPAN OUT. NO COMMERCIAL OR EDITORIAL SALES IN JAPAN. YES
圖片來源: Reuters/Kyodo

(德國之聲中文網)中國上月底突然宣佈劃設東中國海防空識別區後,美日韓以及台灣都不僅不予承認,還分別派出戰機在相關空域活動,作「例行巡邏飛行」,凸顯相關爭議激化。12月2日一期《明鏡周刊》「國外」欄目發表一篇文章認為,隨著中國同眾鄰居外交糾紛加劇,美國有責任做出努力,一方面安撫北京,一方面給盟友吃定心丸,而拜登副總統的此次東亞三國之行至少在這一點上讓各方更加矚目:

「美國副總統拜登本周訪問北京。原計劃的是一次同習近平的輕鬆會晤。而現在,歐巴馬的這位副手不能不仔細考慮以下這個問題:遠東真的會淪入一場戰爭?在這場出現了數十年而現在成了燃眉之急的島嶼主權之爭中各方到底在追求何物?為阻止局勢激化,美國到底能做什麼?

Ausschnitt von: Vice President Joe Biden (R) speaks at a news conference before U.S. President Barack Obama unveils a series of proposals to counter gun violence during an event at the White House in Washington January 16, 2013. Biden delivered his recommendations to Obama after holding a series of meetings with representatives from the weapons and entertainment industries as requested by the president after the December 14 school shooting in Newtown, Connecticut, in which 20 children and six adults were killed. REUTERS/Kevin Lamarque (UNITED STATES - Tags: POLITICS CRIME LAW)
美國副總統拜登圖片來源: Reuters

「中國人在相關衝突中的動機相當清楚:一年前,中國取代美國成為世界頭號貿易大國;中國商品的90%經由海路運輸。就像100年的德國一樣,這個快速成長的國家進軍世界大洋、擴充海軍。而進入太平洋的通道受到由美國的盟友控制的島嶼和半島構成的一條島鏈的阻擋,這讓北京總參謀部的戰略家們十分不快。

「這個『第一島鏈』成了中國人一個無法擺脫的戰略意念。……現在這一戰略意念又變成了一種無法擺脫政治意念。……而此時若能在外交舞台上顯示強硬,對中國領導人來說是恰逢其時,—在剛剛確定了經濟和社會改革的一系列舉措後,正可以借此消除那些認為自己過於自由化的懷疑。

「在充滿民族主義情愫的氛圍中,沒有比在同日本的交往中更易於顯示出那種強硬了:多年的佔領和戰爭罪,不論是作案人還是受害者,都沒有真正得到清理,留下了深深的不滿。對中國領導人而言,在同日本的爭端中賺取名聲,是一種很方便的手段。……

©Kyodo/MAXPPP - 02/09/2012 ; NAHA, Japan - Photo taken from a Kyodo News helicopter shows Uotsuri Island, part of the Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea on Sept. 2, 2012. A Tokyo metropolitan government team the same day conducted an offshore inspection of the islands as part of its plan to buy land on the isles amid a growing territorial row with China over the uninhabited islets. (Kyodo)
釣魚島(尖閣諸島)劃入東中國海「防空識別區」圖片來源: picture-alliance/dpa

「美國武裝力量存在的增加意在安撫美國在亞洲的夥伴。中國則將其視為一種圍堵。本周在該地區訪問時,拜登將必須保持一種平衡:他必須既讓盟邦們安心,又必須防止他們過於狂妄;他必須警告中國,不要讓對話的線索繃斷。

「歐洲人非常清楚,即使是理性的外交政治家在不期而遇的危機中也會被迅速套入非理性的因果鏈而難以自拔。某些歷史學家和政治家已在討論中國今天的情形同第一次世界大戰爆發前國際局勢的異同。

「美國政治學家卡根(Robert Kagan)說,華盛頓在東亞已接過了當年大不列顛帝國的角色,必須向『我們時代的德意志』—中國表明,如果北京以不能令人接受的方式行動,美國無論如何都將做出回應。」

US Navy swimmers participate in an exercise with the USS Thach on March 1, 2013, while patrolling in international waters in the Pacific Ocean off the coasts of Colombia and Ecuador. The USS Thach participates in the Martillo Operation, a US led multilateral operation to combat drug smuggling in Central America launched on January 2012. AFP PHOTO/ Jose CABEZAS (Photo credit should read Jose CABEZAS/AFP/Getty Images)
美國近年來加強在太平洋地區的軍事存在圖片來源: Jose Cabezas/AFP/Getty Images

威廉二世風格

《法蘭克福匯報》刊登圖賓根大學一名藝術史學家的文章。文章作者將中日之間的島嶼(日本稱「尖閣諸島」,中國稱「釣魚島」)爭議同當年德皇威廉二世從英國手中爭要黑爾戈蘭島(Helgoland)的史實作比較,警告人們必須小心:

「尤其是鑑於中國奉行的那種就其粗魯而言頗有威廉風格的外交政策,所有那些問題都日益變得緊迫。或許,未來一代的中國政治家有朝一日會自問,在一個短暫的時間段裡無例外地—北韓也包括在內—讓所有鄰國都提心吊膽、受到挑戰,這是否明智。美國以保持島鏈為核心的那種游戲,因此變得過於簡單了。」

摘編:凝煉
責編:李魚

[摘編自其它媒體,不代表德國之聲觀點]